1. Framing global politics1.1 Stakeholders and actors0/01.1.1 States and Government Actors1.1.2 Intergovernmental Organizations and Formal Forums1.1.3 Civil Society, NGOs and Social Movements1.1.4 Private Actors, Companies and the Media1.1.5 Stakeholders without Political Agency1.2 Political systems: structures and dynamics0/01.2.1 Structures of Political Systems1.2.2 Dynamics of Political Systems1.2.3 Contextual Differences in Actor Power1.3 Legal frameworks, norms and institutions0/01.3.1 Rules and Norms in Political Interaction1.3.2 Institutions as Formal and Informal Structures1. Framing global politics1.1 Stakeholders and actors0/01.1.1 States and Government Actors1.1.2 Intergovernmental Organizations and Formal Forums1.1.3 Civil Society, NGOs and Social Movements1.1.4 Private Actors, Companies and the Media1.1.5 Stakeholders without Political Agency1.2 Political systems: structures and dynamics0/01.2.1 Structures of Political Systems1.2.2 Dynamics of Political Systems1.2.3 Contextual Differences in Actor Power1.3 Legal frameworks, norms and institutions0/01.3.1 Rules and Norms in Political Interaction1.3.2 Institutions as Formal and Informal Structures2. Power in global politics2.1 Definitions and understandings of power0/02.1.1 Defining Power in Global Politics2.1.2 Evaluating Thinkers on Power2.2 Hard, soft and smart power0/02.2.1 Hard Power and Coercion2.2.2 Soft Power and Persuasion2.2.3 Smart Power in Practice2.3 Structural and relational power0/02.3.1 Structural Power and Institutions2.3.2 Relational Power and Alliances2.4 Economic, political, social and cultural power0/02.4.1 Forms of Power across Society2.5 Power to, power over and power with0/02.5.1 Agency, Domination and Collective Power2.5.2 Comparing Classifications of Power2. Power in global politics2.1 Definitions and understandings of power0/02.1.1 Defining Power in Global Politics2.1.2 Evaluating Thinkers on Power2.2 Hard, soft and smart power0/02.2.1 Hard Power and Coercion2.2.2 Soft Power and Persuasion2.2.3 Smart Power in Practice2.3 Structural and relational power0/02.3.1 Structural Power and Institutions2.3.2 Relational Power and Alliances2.4 Economic, political, social and cultural power0/02.4.1 Forms of Power across Society2.5 Power to, power over and power with0/02.5.1 Agency, Domination and Collective Power2.5.2 Comparing Classifications of Power3. Sovereignty in global politicsPremium3.1 Traditional and modern state sovereignty0/03.1.1 Westphalian State Sovereignty3.1.2 Sovereignty, Force and Authority3.2 Sources of sovereignty0/03.2.1 International Law, Norms and Recognition3.2.2 Consent and Political Participation3.3 Internal and external dimensions of sovereignty0/03.3.1 Internal Sovereignty and Self-Government3.3.2 External Sovereignty and Recognition3.4 Challenges to state sovereignty0/03.4.1 Global Interdependence and Supranationality3.4.2 Non-State and Transnational Challenges3. Sovereignty in global politicsPremium3.1 Traditional and modern state sovereignty0/03.1.1 Westphalian State Sovereignty3.1.2 Sovereignty, Force and Authority3.2 Sources of sovereignty0/03.2.1 International Law, Norms and Recognition3.2.2 Consent and Political Participation3.3 Internal and external dimensions of sovereignty0/03.3.1 Internal Sovereignty and Self-Government3.3.2 External Sovereignty and Recognition3.4 Challenges to state sovereignty0/03.4.1 Global Interdependence and Supranationality3.4.2 Non-State and Transnational Challenges4. Legitimacy in global politicsPremium4.1 Sources of state and government legitimacy0/04.1.1 State Legitimacy and Government Legitimacy4.1.2 Historical, Ideological and National Sources4.1.3 Democratic Consent and Representation4.1.4 Performance, Welfare and Recognition4.2 Sovereignty and legitimacy0/04.2.1 Linking Sovereignty and Legitimacy4.3 Challenges to state and government legitimacy0/04.3.1 Internal and External Challenges4.3.2 Instability and Ineffective Governance4.3.3 Force, Oppression and Rights Violations4.4 Sources of legitimacy of non-state actors0/04.4.1 Representation and Social Interests4.4.2 Interaction, Ability and Efficacy4.5 Legitimation processes and loss of legitimacy0/04.5.1 Legitimacy as a Changing Condition4.5.2 Formal and Self-Legitimation Processes4.5.3 Organic Recognition and Delegitimation4. Legitimacy in global politicsPremium4.1 Sources of state and government legitimacy0/04.1.1 State Legitimacy and Government Legitimacy4.1.2 Historical, Ideological and National Sources4.1.3 Democratic Consent and Representation4.1.4 Performance, Welfare and Recognition4.2 Sovereignty and legitimacy0/04.2.1 Linking Sovereignty and Legitimacy4.3 Challenges to state and government legitimacy0/04.3.1 Internal and External Challenges4.3.2 Instability and Ineffective Governance4.3.3 Force, Oppression and Rights Violations4.4 Sources of legitimacy of non-state actors0/04.4.1 Representation and Social Interests4.4.2 Interaction, Ability and Efficacy4.5 Legitimation processes and loss of legitimacy0/04.5.1 Legitimacy as a Changing Condition4.5.2 Formal and Self-Legitimation Processes4.5.3 Organic Recognition and Delegitimation5. Interdependence in global politicsPremium5.1 Global governance and international law0/05.1.1 Government and Governance5.1.2 National and International Law5.1.3 Examples of Global Governance5.1.4 Sources of International Law5.2 The United Nations0/05.2.1 UN Structure and Charter5.2.2 General Assembly and Security Council5.2.3 UN Agencies, Committees and Programmes5.2.4 Achievements and Limitations of the UN5.3 Actors in global governance0/05.3.1 IGO and Non-State Actor Participation5.3.2 Regional and Specialized Organizations5.4 Cooperation and competition between political actors0/05.4.1 Treaties and Collective Security5.4.2 Strategic Alliances and Economic Cooperation5.4.3 Informal Cooperation and Networks5. Interdependence in global politicsPremium5.1 Global governance and international law0/05.1.1 Government and Governance5.1.2 National and International Law5.1.3 Examples of Global Governance5.1.4 Sources of International Law5.2 The United Nations0/05.2.1 UN Structure and Charter5.2.2 General Assembly and Security Council5.2.3 UN Agencies, Committees and Programmes5.2.4 Achievements and Limitations of the UN5.3 Actors in global governance0/05.3.1 IGO and Non-State Actor Participation5.3.2 Regional and Specialized Organizations5.4 Cooperation and competition between political actors0/05.4.1 Treaties and Collective Security5.4.2 Strategic Alliances and Economic Cooperation5.4.3 Informal Cooperation and Networks6. Theoretical perspectives in global politicsPremium6.1 Theories, models and analytical frameworks0/06.1.1 Diverse Theoretical Perspectives6.1.2 Uses of Theories and Models6.2 Applicability, bias and limitations0/06.2.1 Applying Theory to Political Issues6.2.2 Bias and Model Limitations6. Theoretical perspectives in global politicsPremium6.1 Theories, models and analytical frameworks0/06.1.1 Diverse Theoretical Perspectives6.1.2 Uses of Theories and Models6.2 Applicability, bias and limitations0/06.2.1 Applying Theory to Political Issues6.2.2 Bias and Model Limitations7. Rights and justice: contested meaningsPremium7.1 Rights, justice, liberty and equality0/07.1.1 Rights and Human Rights7.1.2 Justice in Political and Social Terms7.1.3 Liberty and Individual Freedom7.1.4 Equality and Equity7. Rights and justice: contested meaningsPremium7.1 Rights, justice, liberty and equality0/07.1.1 Rights and Human Rights7.1.2 Justice in Political and Social Terms7.1.3 Liberty and Individual Freedom7.1.4 Equality and Equity8. Rights and justice: interactions of political stakeholders and actorsPremium8.1 State, intergovernmental and judicial actors0/08.1.1 States and National Governments8.1.2 International Rights Institutions8.1.3 Regional Human Rights Tribunals8.2 Civil society, affected groups and private actors0/08.2.1 Civil Society and Advocacy8.2.2 Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups8.2.3 Private Companies, Unions and Labour Rights8. Rights and justice: interactions of political stakeholders and actorsPremium8.1 State, intergovernmental and judicial actors0/08.1.1 States and National Governments8.1.2 International Rights Institutions8.1.3 Regional Human Rights Tribunals8.2 Civil society, affected groups and private actors0/08.2.1 Civil Society and Advocacy8.2.2 Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups8.2.3 Private Companies, Unions and Labour Rights9. Rights and justice: nature, practice and studyPremium9.1 Codification, protection and monitoring0/09.1.1 Codifying Rights and Justice9.1.2 Protecting and Enforcing Rights9.2 Rights frameworks and world norms0/09.2.1 International and Regional Rights Frameworks9.2.2 Internationalization of Human Rights9.2.3 Responsibility to Protect9.3 Responses to violations and injustices0/09.3.1 Rights Violations and Perceived Injustices9.3.2 Examples of Rights Violations9.3.3 Discrimination, Speech and Terrorism Measures9. Rights and justice: nature, practice and studyPremium9.1 Codification, protection and monitoring0/09.1.1 Codifying Rights and Justice9.1.2 Protecting and Enforcing Rights9.2 Rights frameworks and world norms0/09.2.1 International and Regional Rights Frameworks9.2.2 Internationalization of Human Rights9.2.3 Responsibility to Protect9.3 Responses to violations and injustices0/09.3.1 Rights Violations and Perceived Injustices9.3.2 Examples of Rights Violations9.3.3 Discrimination, Speech and Terrorism Measures10. Rights and justice: debatesPremium10.1 Diverse standards and politicization0/010.1.1 Diverse Standards of Rights10.1.2 Politicization of Rights and Justice10.2 Individual and collective rights claims0/010.2.1 Labour and Indigenous Rights Claims10.2.2 Gender and Sexual Identity Rights10. Rights and justice: debatesPremium10.1 Diverse standards and politicization0/010.1.1 Diverse Standards of Rights10.1.2 Politicization of Rights and Justice10.2 Individual and collective rights claims0/010.2.1 Labour and Indigenous Rights Claims10.2.2 Gender and Sexual Identity Rights11. Development and sustainability: contested meaningsPremium11.1 Development, sustainability, poverty and inequality0/011.1.1 Meanings of Development11.1.2 Meanings of Sustainability11.1.3 Poverty as Opportunity and Resource Deprivation11.1.4 Inequality and Power Asymmetries11. Development and sustainability: contested meaningsPremium11.1 Development, sustainability, poverty and inequality0/011.1.1 Meanings of Development11.1.2 Meanings of Sustainability11.1.3 Poverty as Opportunity and Resource Deprivation11.1.4 Inequality and Power Asymmetries12. Development and sustainability: interactions of political stakeholders and actorsPremium12.1 Governments and intergovernmental organizations0/012.1.1 State, National and Local Governments12.1.2 International Financial Institutions12.2 Civil society, affected groups and companies0/012.2.1 Civil Society and Grassroots Initiatives12.2.2 Marginalized and Structurally Affected Groups12.2.3 Transnational Companies and Trade Networks12. Development and sustainability: interactions of political stakeholders and actorsPremium12.1 Governments and intergovernmental organizations0/012.1.1 State, National and Local Governments12.1.2 International Financial Institutions12.2 Civil society, affected groups and companies0/012.2.1 Civil Society and Grassroots Initiatives12.2.2 Marginalized and Structurally Affected Groups12.2.3 Transnational Companies and Trade Networks13. Development and sustainability: nature, practice and studyPremium13.1 Dimensions and assessment0/013.1.1 Multiple Dimensions of Development13.1.2 Multiple Dimensions of Sustainability13.1.3 Assessing Development and Sustainability13.2 Pathways and factors0/013.2.1 Political Factors in Development13.2.2 Economic Factors in Development13.2.3 Social Factors in Development13.2.4 Institutional Factors in Development13.2.5 Environmental Factors in Development13.3 Links between development and sustainability0/013.3.1 Connecting Development and Sustainability13. Development and sustainability: nature, practice and studyPremium13.1 Dimensions and assessment0/013.1.1 Multiple Dimensions of Development13.1.2 Multiple Dimensions of Sustainability13.1.3 Assessing Development and Sustainability13.2 Pathways and factors0/013.2.1 Political Factors in Development13.2.2 Economic Factors in Development13.2.3 Social Factors in Development13.2.4 Institutional Factors in Development13.2.5 Environmental Factors in Development13.3 Links between development and sustainability0/013.3.1 Connecting Development and Sustainability14. Development and sustainability: debatesPremium14.1 Globalization and sustainable development0/014.1.1 Globalization’s Impacts14.1.2 Sustainable Development and SDGs14.2 Alternative views on development and sustainability0/014.2.1 De-growth and Regenerative Approaches14. Development and sustainability: debatesPremium14.1 Globalization and sustainable development0/014.1.1 Globalization’s Impacts14.1.2 Sustainable Development and SDGs14.2 Alternative views on development and sustainability0/014.2.1 De-growth and Regenerative Approaches15. Peace and conflict: contested meaningsPremium15.1 Peace, conflict, violence and non-violence0/015.1.1 Positive and Negative Peace15.1.2 Latent and Overt Conflict15.1.3 Direct, Structural and Cultural Violence15.1.4 Non-Violence and Pacifism15. Peace and conflict: contested meaningsPremium15.1 Peace, conflict, violence and non-violence0/015.1.1 Positive and Negative Peace15.1.2 Latent and Overt Conflict15.1.3 Direct, Structural and Cultural Violence15.1.4 Non-Violence and Pacifism16. Peace and conflict: interactions of political stakeholders and actorsPremium16.1 Parties, violent and non-violent actors0/016.1.1 Parties to Conflict16.1.2 State and Non-State Actors16.2 Third parties and affected groups0/016.2.1 Mediation, Negotiation and Intervention16.2.2 Intervention Tools and External Actors16.2.3 Non-Combatants and Affected Groups16. Peace and conflict: interactions of political stakeholders and actorsPremium16.1 Parties, violent and non-violent actors0/016.1.1 Parties to Conflict16.1.2 State and Non-State Actors16.2 Third parties and affected groups0/016.2.1 Mediation, Negotiation and Intervention16.2.2 Intervention Tools and External Actors16.2.3 Non-Combatants and Affected Groups17. Peace and conflict: nature, practice and studyPremium17.1 Conflict dynamics and causes0/017.1.1 Conflict Dynamics and Analytical Tools17.1.2 Identity, Ideology and Interests17.1.3 Greed, Grievance and Perception17.2 Types of conflict0/017.2.1 Inter-State and Intra-State Conflicts17.2.2 Non-State and Extra-State Conflicts17.3 Peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding0/017.3.1 Peacemaking through Negotiations and Treaties17.3.2 Peacekeeping in Practice17.3.3 Peacebuilding and Reconciliation17.3.4 Justice, Forgiveness and Empathy17. Peace and conflict: nature, practice and studyPremium17.1 Conflict dynamics and causes0/017.1.1 Conflict Dynamics and Analytical Tools17.1.2 Identity, Ideology and Interests17.1.3 Greed, Grievance and Perception17.2 Types of conflict0/017.2.1 Inter-State and Intra-State Conflicts17.2.2 Non-State and Extra-State Conflicts17.3 Peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding0/017.3.1 Peacemaking through Negotiations and Treaties17.3.2 Peacekeeping in Practice17.3.3 Peacebuilding and Reconciliation17.3.4 Justice, Forgiveness and Empathy18. Peace and conflict: debatesPremium18.1 Justifying violence and protest0/018.1.1 Justifications of Violence18.1.2 Violent and Non-Violent Protest18.1.3 Guerrilla Warfare, Terrorism and Genocide18.2 Peacebuilding effectiveness and security debates0/018.2.1 Effectiveness of Peacebuilding Efforts18.2.2 Arms Proliferation and Nuclear Deterrence18. Peace and conflict: debatesPremium18.1 Justifying violence and protest0/018.1.1 Justifications of Violence18.1.2 Violent and Non-Violent Protest18.1.3 Guerrilla Warfare, Terrorism and Genocide18.2 Peacebuilding effectiveness and security debates0/018.2.1 Effectiveness of Peacebuilding Efforts18.2.2 Arms Proliferation and Nuclear Deterrence19. HL engagement project: recommendationPremium19.1 Evidence-based recommendations0/019.1.1 Formulating a Recommendation19.1.2 Stakeholder-Focused Recommendations19.1.3 Structural Recommendations19.1.4 Using Evidence to Support Recommendations19. HL engagement project: recommendationPremium19.1 Evidence-based recommendations0/019.1.1 Formulating a Recommendation19.1.2 Stakeholder-Focused Recommendations19.1.3 Structural Recommendations19.1.4 Using Evidence to Support Recommendations20. HL extension: global political challengesPremium20.1 Purpose and integration of the HL extension0/020.1.1 Interconnected Global Political Challenges20.1.2 Solution-Oriented Inquiry20.1.3 Links to Core Topics and Thematic Studies20.1.4 Integrating HL Topic Areas20.2 Structuring HL extension inquiries0/020.2.1 Connecting Challenges to the Syllabus20.2.2 Comparing Contexts and Responses20.2.3 Case-Based and Topic-Based Entry Points20.2.4 Interconnections Between Topic Areas20. HL extension: global political challengesPremium20.1 Purpose and integration of the HL extension0/020.1.1 Interconnected Global Political Challenges20.1.2 Solution-Oriented Inquiry20.1.3 Links to Core Topics and Thematic Studies20.1.4 Integrating HL Topic Areas20.2 Structuring HL extension inquiries0/020.2.1 Connecting Challenges to the Syllabus20.2.2 Comparing Contexts and Responses20.2.3 Case-Based and Topic-Based Entry Points20.2.4 Interconnections Between Topic Areas21. HL global political challenges: environmentPremium21.1 Environmental challenges and political cooperation0/021.1.1 Transboundary Environmental Problems21.1.2 Climate Change Mitigation and Response21.1.3 Resource Depletion and Political Tensions21.1.4 Economic Growth and Sustainable Development21.1.5 Environmental Actors and Decision-Making21. HL global political challenges: environmentPremium21.1 Environmental challenges and political cooperation0/021.1.1 Transboundary Environmental Problems21.1.2 Climate Change Mitigation and Response21.1.3 Resource Depletion and Political Tensions21.1.4 Economic Growth and Sustainable Development21.1.5 Environmental Actors and Decision-Making22. HL global political challenges: povertyPremium22.1 Poverty, globalization and political responses0/022.1.1 Globalization, Economic Integration and Poverty22.1.2 Poverty and Development Inequality22.1.3 Poverty and Human Rights22.1.4 Levels of Government and Anti-Poverty Policy22.1.5 Civil Society and Empathy in Poverty Campaigns22. HL global political challenges: povertyPremium22.1 Poverty, globalization and political responses0/022.1.1 Globalization, Economic Integration and Poverty22.1.2 Poverty and Development Inequality22.1.3 Poverty and Human Rights22.1.4 Levels of Government and Anti-Poverty Policy22.1.5 Civil Society and Empathy in Poverty Campaigns23. HL global political challenges: healthPremium23.1 Public health, global actors and political contexts0/023.1.1 Local, National and Global Health Initiatives23.1.2 Epidemics and International Cooperation23.1.3 Health, Poverty and Socio-Economic Context23.1.4 Marginalized Voices and Health Care AccessGovernmental and NGO Health Provision23. HL global political challenges: healthPremium23.1 Public health, global actors and political contexts0/023.1.1 Local, National and Global Health Initiatives23.1.2 Epidemics and International Cooperation23.1.3 Health, Poverty and Socio-Economic Context23.1.4 Marginalized Voices and Health Care AccessGovernmental and NGO Health Provision24. HL global political challenges: identityPremium24.1 Identity politics and rights0/024.1.1 Political Implications of Identity24.1.2 Religious and Cultural Identity24.1.3 Gender, Sexuality and Public Politics24.1.4 Race, Class and Political Power24.1.5 National Identity and Political Mobilization24.1.6 Identity, Genocide and International Justice24. HL global political challenges: identityPremium24.1 Identity politics and rights0/024.1.1 Political Implications of Identity24.1.2 Religious and Cultural Identity24.1.3 Gender, Sexuality and Public Politics24.1.4 Race, Class and Political Power24.1.5 National Identity and Political Mobilization24.1.6 Identity, Genocide and International Justice25. HL global political challenges: bordersPremium25.1 Physical and social borders0/025.1.1 Meanings of Borders in Global Politics25.1.2 National Borders and Sovereignty Claims25.1.3 Migration, Immigration and Border Control25.1.4 Land, Ancestry and Forced Relocation25.1.5 Borders, Rights and Human Trafficking25. HL global political challenges: bordersPremium25.1 Physical and social borders0/025.1.1 Meanings of Borders in Global Politics25.1.2 National Borders and Sovereignty Claims25.1.3 Migration, Immigration and Border Control25.1.4 Land, Ancestry and Forced Relocation25.1.5 Borders, Rights and Human Trafficking26. HL global political challenges: securityPremium26.1 Security, power and conflict0/026.1.1 Security and Core Global Politics Concepts26.1.2 Regional and Maritime Security26.1.3 Securitization and State Policy26.1.4 Refugees, Migration and Security26.1.5 Human Rights and Security Strategies26.1.6 Social Media and Security Campaigns26. HL global political challenges: securityPremium26.1 Security, power and conflict0/026.1.1 Security and Core Global Politics Concepts26.1.2 Regional and Maritime Security26.1.3 Securitization and State Policy26.1.4 Refugees, Migration and Security26.1.5 Human Rights and Security Strategies26.1.6 Social Media and Security Campaigns27. HL global political challenges: equalityPremium27.1 Equality, power imbalances and justice0/027.1.1 Equality in Global Political Interaction27.1.2 Inequality, Conflict and Exploitation27.1.3 Grassroots Movements and Global Equality27.1.4 Equality, Rights and Political Activism27.1.5 Economic Inequality and Instability27. HL global political challenges: equalityPremium27.1 Equality, power imbalances and justice0/027.1.1 Equality in Global Political Interaction27.1.2 Inequality, Conflict and Exploitation27.1.3 Grassroots Movements and Global Equality27.1.4 Equality, Rights and Political Activism27.1.5 Economic Inequality and Instability28. HL global political challenges: technologyPremium28.1 Technology, power and political mobilization0/028.1.1 Technology and Political Interaction28.1.2 Social Media and Political Mobilization28.1.3 Cyber Power and International Security28.1.4 Drone Technology and Legitimacy28.1.5 Privacy, Security and Big Tech28.1.6 Green Technology and Development28.1.7 Cyber Norms and Regulation28. HL global political challenges: technologyPremium28.1 Technology, power and political mobilization0/028.1.1 Technology and Political Interaction28.1.2 Social Media and Political Mobilization28.1.3 Cyber Power and International Security28.1.4 Drone Technology and Legitimacy28.1.5 Privacy, Security and Big Tech28.1.6 Green Technology and Development28.1.7 Cyber Norms and Regulation29. HL extension inquiry skillsPremium29.1 Case research and evaluation0/029.1.1 Background, Data and Contestability29.1.2 Actors, Stakeholders and Political Issues29.1.3 Causes, Impacts and Responses29.1.4 Interpretation and Future Development29.1.5 Reflection and Wider Significance29.1.6 Balanced Use of Sources29. HL extension inquiry skillsPremium29.1 Case research and evaluation0/029.1.1 Background, Data and Contestability29.1.2 Actors, Stakeholders and Political Issues29.1.3 Causes, Impacts and Responses29.1.4 Interpretation and Future Development29.1.5 Reflection and Wider Significance29.1.6 Balanced Use of Sources
