How did the Reconquista affect Jewish communities in Spain?

The Reconquista led to the persecution, expulsion, and forced conversion of Jews in Spain.

The Reconquista, a period of approximately 800 years (from the 8th to the 15th century) during which Christian kingdoms gradually retook control of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule, had profound implications for Jewish communities in Spain. The changing political landscape brought about by the Reconquista led to a shift in the status and treatment of Jews, who had previously enjoyed a degree of protection and tolerance under Muslim rule.

Under the Muslim rule, known as Al-Andalus, Jews had been allowed to practice their religion freely and had often held positions of influence and power. They had thrived culturally and economically, contributing significantly to the intellectual and cultural life of the region. This period, known as the Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain, was characterised by relative peace and prosperity for Jewish communities.

However, the Reconquista brought about a significant change in the fortunes of the Jewish population. As Christian rulers retook control of the Iberian Peninsula, they often implemented policies that were less tolerant towards non-Christians. Jews were increasingly marginalised and persecuted, and many were forced to convert to Christianity. This process culminated in the Alhambra Decree of 1492, issued by the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, which ordered the expulsion of all Jews from Spain unless they converted to Christianity.

The Reconquista also led to the phenomenon of 'conversos' or 'New Christians' - Jews who had converted to Christianity, either voluntarily or under duress. These conversos often faced suspicion and discrimination from the 'Old Christian' population, and were frequently the targets of the Spanish Inquisition, which sought to root out heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy.

In conclusion, the Reconquista had a profound and largely negative impact on Jewish communities in Spain. The shift from Muslim to Christian rule led to a decline in the status and security of Jews, culminating in widespread persecution, forced conversion, and expulsion. The legacy of this period continues to be felt today, with the descendants of Spanish Jews scattered across the globe, many of them still maintaining a distinct Sephardic culture and identity.